Blood pressure (BP)
Pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in the large arteries. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) above the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
what is blood pressure
Blood pressure is one of the vital signs—together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature—that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient's health. Normal resting blood pressure, in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, denoted as "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized, has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approx. 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women, although these average data mask significantly diverging regional trends.[1]
Traditionally, blood pressure was measured non-invasively using auscultation with either an aneroid gauge, or a mercury-tube sphygmomanometer.[2] Auscultation is still generally considered to be the gold standard of accuracy for non-invasive blood pressure readings in clinic.[3] However, semi-automated methods have become common, largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity,[4] although cost, ease of use and applicability to ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure measurements have also influenced this trend.[5] Early automated alternatives to mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were often seriously inaccurate, but modern devices validated to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading methods of 5 mm Hg or less, and a standard deviation of less than 8 mm Hg.[5] Most of these semi-automated methods measure blood pressure using oscillometry.[6]
Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation, emotional state, activity, and relative health/disease states. In the short term, blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence the nervous and the endocrine systems.
blood pressure rises
Blood pressure that is too low is called hypotension, pressure that is consistently too high is called hypertension, and normal pressure is called normotension.[7] Both hypertension and hypotension have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure. Long-term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension.
Low Blood Pressure
-When Blood Pressure Is Low
How low is blood pressure?
Within certain limits, your blood pressure drops. Nor is there a certain number when daily blood pressure is considered too low, as long as no symptoms are present.
Symptoms of low blood pressure
Most physicians will always regard low blood pressure as a risk factor if it causes physical symptoms and signs, such as:
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Nausea
Fainting (syncope)
Dehydration and unusual thirst
Dehydration can sometimes cause blood pressure to drop. However, dehydration does not always cause low blood pressure. Fever, vomiting, severe diarrhea, overuse of medication, and strenuous exercise can all lead to dehydration a condition that can be even worse when your body loses more water than you drink. Even gradual dehydration (loss of just one percent to two percent). of body weight) can cause weakness, dizziness, and fatigue.
Lack of concentration
Blurred vision
Cold, shiny, pale skin
Fast, shallow breathing
Fatigue
Depression
What causes high blood pressure?
Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to the arteries, which carry blood throughout the body. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood into the body and contributes to atherosclerosis, or atherosclerosis, stroke, kidney disease, and heart failure.
What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure?
Blood pressure readings are as follows: 120/80. It reads "120 over 80." The upper number is called systolic, and the lower number is called diastolic. The distances are:
Normal: Less than 120 over 80 (120/80)
Height: 120-129 / under 80
Category 1
hypertension: 130-139 / 80-89
Category 2
hypertension: 140 and above / 90 and above
High blood pressure
The problem: over 180 / over 120 - See a doctor immediately
If your blood pressure is above normal, talk to your doctor about how to lower it.
What causes high blood pressure?
The exact causes of high blood pressure are unknown, but a few factors may play a role, including:
Smoking
Obesity or overweight
Lack of exercise
Too much salt in food
Excessive alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)
Depression
Age
Genetics
Family history of high blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease
Adrenal and thyroid disorders
Sleep apnea
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